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Golden Sands Nature Park (Bulgarian: ''Природен парк "Златни пясъци"'') is a national park on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast in Varna Province. It is spread on an area of . The park is long and on the average wide; it was declared a protected territory in 1943 (under the name ''Hachuka State Forest''). According to the criteria of the World Conservation Union, it ranks fifth category on the list of protected territories. ==Flora== It is covered with natural deciduous forests consisting of various types of oak species including moss-capped oak, Hungarian oak, swamp white oak, and hornbeam. The indigenous vegetation of the park, unlike forests with the predominance of oaks, also includes ecosystems of dense forest type. Oaks and the accompanying silver leafed lime, manna ash, yoke elm, and field maple occupy the hilly area in the centre of the park. These forests include almost all tree species typical for the local lower forest layer (up to above sea level) and some of them (limes, elms) are over 100 years old. A two-hundred-year-old sycamore with circumference of the trunk is among the landmarks of the park. Among the rich variety of grassy species most typical are the common mullein, toad flax, and ribwort. Dense forest ecosystems occupy a smaller and wetter area in the southeast. These are deciduous tree species (Caucasian ash, moss-capped oak, yoke elm, white poplar, Mahaleb cherry) covered with climbing plants: old man’s beard, wild vines, ivy, hop, and silk vine. These forests are surprisingly similar to tropical forests. Grasses include wood horsetail, oriental iris, wild orchids, and cuckoo pint. Shrub ecosystems take up the steep parts of the park in places with thin topsoil layers over limy rockbase. The predominant shrubs are lilac, crown vetch, jasmine, and Christ's thorn. Grasses in these parts are mostly drought-resistant. Some rare species are fernleaf wormwood, field chamomile, and the protected species joint pine. Under protection are 20 other rare and endangered species (snowdrop, Caucasian primula, orchids, etc.) During its long-term cohabitation with humans the forest has changed, some native vegetation has been replaced by hornbeam brushwood. A result of human intervention are the cultured eco-systems. The most common coniferous plants in the park are European black pine, white fir, cypress, and cedar, and of the deciduous - acacia, flowering ash, and white poplar. The flora of the park includes a total of about 500 plant species. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Golden Sands Nature Park」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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